{"id":7351,"date":"2026-11-08T01:49:26","date_gmt":"2026-11-08T06:49:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/canasanta.ca\/?p=7351"},"modified":"2026-11-08T01:49:26","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T06:49:26","slug":"molusco-dracosfera-bacterias-oceano-profundo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/canasanta.ca\/en\/ciencia\/molusco-dracosfera-bacterias-oceano-profundo\/","title":{"rendered":"EL MOLUSCO QUE CULTIVA BACTERIAS EN SU INTERIOR"},"content":{"rendered":"

En las profundidades del oc\u00e9ano, donde la luz solar no llega y el sedimento puede carecer casi por completo de ox\u00edgeno, un peque\u00f1o molusco ha desarrollado una soluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica extraordinaria. Un equipo internacional identific\u00f3 en Chaetoderma shenloong<\/em> unas estructuras celulares que albergan bacterias capaces de aprovechar compuestos qu\u00edmicos del entorno. Los cient\u00edficos las denominaron dracosferas<\/strong>, una referencia deliberada a las esferas del drag\u00f3n de la cultura popular japonesa.<\/p>\n

El hallazgo fue publicado el 30 de octubre de 2026<\/strong> en la revista Nature Communications<\/em>. No se trata de una criatura reci\u00e9n aparecida ni de un descubrimiento de \u00faltima hora: la novedad consiste en la organizaci\u00f3n \u00edntima de su relaci\u00f3n con los microorganismos y en las preguntas evolutivas que plantea.<\/p>\n

UNA VIDA SIN LUZ SOLAR<\/h2>\n

Muchos ecosistemas dependen, en \u00faltima instancia, de la energ\u00eda que las plantas y las algas obtienen de la luz. Sin embargo, en ciertos ambientes submarinos existen microorganismos capaces de obtener energ\u00eda mediante reacciones qu\u00edmicas. La quimios\u00edntesis<\/strong> permite sostener comunidades animales alrededor de fuentes hidrotermales y filtraciones fr\u00edas del fondo marino.<\/p>\n

En esos lugares, la cooperaci\u00f3n entre animales y bacterias puede ser decisiva. Algunos hu\u00e9spedes mantienen a sus socios microbianos sobre la superficie corporal; otros los alojan dentro de c\u00e9lulas especializadas. La nueva investigaci\u00f3n describe una disposici\u00f3n a\u00fan m\u00e1s peculiar: bacterias oxidantes de azufre contenidas en compartimentos esf\u00e9ricos con m\u00faltiples capas.<\/p>\n

El animal estudiado pertenece a los aplac\u00f3foros, un grupo de moluscos de aspecto vermiforme, muy distinto de las almejas o los caracoles familiares. Habita sedimentos asociados con filtraciones fr\u00edas, ambientes en los que sustancias procedentes del subsuelo alimentan procesos microbianos y crean oportunidades para formas de vida altamente especializadas.<\/p>\n

\"Columna
Fotograf\u00eda contextual del oc\u00e9ano. No muestra al ejemplar estudiado. Janek Valdsalu \/ Unsplash.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

LA DRACOSFERA BAJO EL MICROSCOPIO<\/h2>\n

Los investigadores, entre ellos Yunlong Li<\/strong>, Chong Chen<\/strong> y Jin Sun<\/strong>, identificaron compartimentos de aproximadamente 12 micr\u00f3metros<\/strong> en la gl\u00e1ndula digestiva del molusco. Un micr\u00f3metro equivale a una mil\u00e9sima de mil\u00edmetro. Estas estructuras presentan varias capas y contienen las bacterias asociadas al hu\u00e9sped.<\/p>\n

El equipo recurri\u00f3 a t\u00e9cnicas de microscop\u00eda, an\u00e1lisis gen\u00f3micos y transcript\u00f3mica espacial para examinar la arquitectura de los compartimentos y la actividad biol\u00f3gica de sus componentes. Los resultados sugieren una integraci\u00f3n notable entre el organismo y sus simbiontes, aunque todav\u00eda quedan mecanismos por esclarecer.<\/p>\n

UN \u00d3RGANO DIGESTIVO TRANSFORMADO<\/h2>\n

Una de las caracter\u00edsticas m\u00e1s llamativas de Chaetoderma shenloong<\/em> es la transformaci\u00f3n de su aparato digestivo. Seg\u00fan los autores, gran parte del intestino habitual se ha perdido, mientras que la gl\u00e1ndula digestiva aparece hipertrofiada y organizada como una red compleja donde abundan las dracosferas.<\/p>\n

Esta anatom\u00eda apunta a una dependencia profunda de la asociaci\u00f3n microbiana. No significa que las bacterias se hayan convertido en \u00f3rganos aut\u00f3nomos equivalentes a las mitocondrias, ni que se haya demostrado una nueva forma universal de metabolismo animal. El trabajo describe una estructura especializada en una especie concreta y propone interpretaciones funcionales basadas en los datos disponibles.<\/p>\n

EL PROBLEMA DEL OX\u00cdGENO<\/h2>\n

El entorno plantea una paradoja. El molusco vive enterrado a decenas de cent\u00edmetros bajo sedimentos an\u00f3xicos, mientras que sus bacterias simbi\u00f3ticas parecen adaptadas a concentraciones bajas, pero no necesariamente nulas, de ox\u00edgeno. \u00bfC\u00f3mo se mantiene una asociaci\u00f3n tan delicada en un medio hostil?<\/p>\n

Los autores plantean que las capas de la dracosfera podr\u00edan contribuir a regular la difusi\u00f3n del ox\u00edgeno hacia los microorganismos. Es una hip\u00f3tesis apoyada por los an\u00e1lisis moleculares y espaciales, no una demostraci\u00f3n completa de todos los intercambios qu\u00edmicos. Determinar con precisi\u00f3n el flujo de sustancias requerir\u00e1 nuevos experimentos.<\/p>\n

UNA VENTANA A LA EVOLUCI\u00d3N<\/h2>\n

El descubrimiento ampl\u00eda el cat\u00e1logo de estrategias con las que los animales incorporan microorganismos a su funcionamiento. La simbiosis no es simplemente una convivencia accidental: en ciertos linajes puede moldear tejidos, modificar funciones digestivas y abrir posibilidades ecol\u00f3gicas que ser\u00edan dif\u00edciles de sostener en solitario.<\/p>\n

Tambi\u00e9n obliga a matizar una idea extendida: los fondos marinos oscuros no son necesariamente desiertos biol\u00f3gicos. All\u00ed donde existen fuentes de energ\u00eda qu\u00edmica, la evoluci\u00f3n puede producir soluciones tan sofisticadas como inesperadas. La dracosfera constituye una pista de esa creatividad, aunque su origen evolutivo y su distribuci\u00f3n entre otros animales siguen abiertos a investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

El estudio no anuncia aplicaciones m\u00e9dicas inmediatas ni promete nuevas tecnolog\u00edas. Su importancia es fundamentalmente biol\u00f3gica: muestra hasta qu\u00e9 punto la vida animal puede reorganizarse alrededor de una alianza microbiana y recuerda que una parte considerable de la diversidad funcional del oc\u00e9ano permanece por comprender.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En las profundidades del oc\u00e9ano, donde la luz solar no llega y el sedimento puede carecer casi por completo de ox\u00edgeno, un peque\u00f1o molusco ha desarrollado una soluci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica extraordinaria. Un equipo internacional identific\u00f3 en Chaetoderma shenloong unas estructuras celulares que albergan bacterias capaces de aprovechar compuestos qu\u00edmicos del entorno. Los cient\u00edficos las denominaron dracosferas, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":284226809,"featured_media":7349,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[33205457,3213],"tags":[33208736,33208594,33208737],"class_list":["post-7351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-dia","category-ciencia","tag-moluscos","tag-oceano-profundo","tag-simbiosis"],"acf":{"introduccion":"","fuentes_y_referencias":"Li Y., Chen C. et al. 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